From 200 Pumpkins to Nearly 20,000: How One Farm Grew a Tiny Test Into a Pumpkin Patch Business Expecting 18,500+ Visitors (and the Start-Small Plan You Can Copy)
Cameron Laird grew up near Half Moon Bay, California, with fond memories of the pumpkin farms there, where you could just drive along and choose one. She married Scottish fruit farmer John Laird and, with no farming background, pitched him an idea, as an experimental way to boost the farm's income: pick-your-own pumpkins at Cairnie Fruit Farm in Fife.
The first year, they grew just 232 pumpkins.
In October 2026, the BBC reported the patch had grown to nearly 20,000 pumpkins, with more than 18,500 visitors expected. The family plans to add another acre, room for about 5,000 more.
So can a small pumpkin patch become a real pumpkin patch business? Yes. Cairnie proves it, but not by luck. It started tiny, proved people would come, and kept growing the patch and the reasons to visit, for 27 seasons.
The short answer: A pumpkin patch business can grow from a weekend test into a major income stream, but slowly. Cairnie Fruit Farm went from about 200 pumpkins to nearly 20,000 over 27 seasons. The pattern: start small, expand after selling out, use booked time slots, and add reasons to stay (a maze, a play area, a café). Start with a test plot you can afford to lose, count every visitor, and reinvest part of each season's profit into the next. |
Who Are the Lairds, and What Did They Build?
Cairnie is not a new farm that got lucky with Instagram. Pat and Margaret Laird bought the 120-acre farm near Cupar in 1969, according to a 2022 profile in The Courier and Evening Telegraph.
They grew strawberries for the wholesale fruit markets in Edinburgh and Glasgow. Then they started selling pick-your-own strawberries from a trailer in a field, one of the first farms in Scotland to do it.
By 1995, two caravans had given way to two wooden sheds, a berry hut and the farm's first tearoom. Around 2000 came the first pick-your-own pumpkins. The six-acre maize maze and the children's Funyard opened in 2003, and a purpose-built farm shop and café followed in 2007.
By 2022, the farm said it drew more than 90,000 visitors a year before Covid and hoped to pass 100,000 that year. It employed 25 seasonal staff and 35 on-site pickers, plus the Laird family.
That year, John ran the fruit production and the wider farm, including the maze and Funyard. Cameron oversaw the farm shop and café.
Her description of their approach is worth pinning above your desk: "we stick to our strengths and uphold our standards."
The Numbers Along the Way: It Was Never a Straight Line
Here is every published Cairnie pumpkin figure I could find. Notice the gaps and the dips.
Year | Pumpkins on the patch | What happened | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
Season 1 (c. 2000) | 232 | First pick-your-own pumpkins | BBC News, Oct 2026 |
2017 | More than 2,500 | Aimed for about 3,000; a May frost killed many seeds | Evening Telegraph, Oct 2017 |
2019 | 12,000 | Completely sold out | The Courier, 2020 |
2020 | 15,000 | Patch expanded after the sell-out; booked slots during Covid | The Courier, 2020 |
2023 | More than 12,000 | 23 years of pumpkin events | The Courier, 2023 |
2026 | Nearly 20,000 | 18,500+ visitors expected; one more acre planned | BBC News, Oct 2026 |
Look at 2017. John Laird told the Evening Telegraph, "Unfortunately this year has not been great for growing our pumpkins." A light frost in May killed many of the seeds, so they ended up with more than 2,500 instead of the 3,000 they planned.
Now look at 2019 to 2020. Outdoor manager Radu Moldovan told The Courier: "We had 12,000 last year and we completely sold out." So they expanded the patch to 15,000.
That is the whole lesson in one quote. A sell-out was the signal to grow. Not a hunch, not a dream, a sold-out field.
Reality Check: Growth went backwards some years. Reports put the patch at 15,000 in 2020 but "more than 12,000" in 2023. Weather, seed losses and planting decisions all move the number. If you start a pumpkin patch business expecting a smooth climb, the first bad October will break your heart. Plan for dips. |
Why Reinvesting Beats a One-Year Windfall
Many farmers treat a pumpkin patch as a one-off: plant a field, pocket October's cash, repeat. Cairnie did something different. It kept adding to what worked: a tearoom by 1995, pumpkins around 2000, the maze and Funyard in 2003, a purpose-built shop and café in 2007, and a bigger pumpkin patch after its 2019 sell-out.
That is the reinvestment flywheel.
Here is why it works:
Every turn lowers your risk. You only spend money on what last year's visitors proved they wanted.
Every turn raises spending per family. A family that came for a £2.50 pumpkin stays for the maze and the café.
Every turn builds a bigger list. More visitors means more reviews, more repeat bookings and more word of mouth for next year.
Field-Tested Play: Decide your reinvestment rule before the season starts, not after. For example: "If we sell out, a set share of this year's patch profit goes into next year's expansion." Write it down. In a good year, it stops you spending the money elsewhere. In a bad year, it stops you over-building. |
The Booking Model: Timed Slots, Pay Per Pumpkin
The quiet hero of Cairnie's pumpkin patch business is its booking system. Here is how its pumpkin passes work, according to the farm's own website:
You book a pumpkin pass online for a set day and a time slot: 10am to 12.30pm, or 1pm to 3.30pm.
The pass gets you into the patch. You pay for each pumpkin separately, by type and size.
Passes are non-refundable, but you can change the date before 11am on the day if there is space.
Under-3s go free but still need a free pass, so the farm knows exactly who is coming.
A pumpkin-only pass does not include the Funyard or the Mega Maze. Families who want those buy the combined pass.
Season pass holders get in free without booking.
Brit Brief, reporting the BBC interview, put the 2026 pumpkin pass at £1.50, with under-3s free. That is a tiny entry fee. The real money is in the pumpkins, the combined passes and the café.
Back in 2020, The Courier reported Cairnie's pumpkins cost £2.50 to £8, priced by weight.
Why does the timed-slot model matter so much?
It caps the crowd. You never have 3,000 people arrive at once and nowhere to park.
It puts cash in your account before the weekend. If it rains, you are not starting from zero.
It tells you exactly how many staff, toilets and card machines you need.
It gives you data. Every booking is a visitor you can count, and a sold-out slot is a signal to grow.
Other UK patches use different gate fees. Farmers Weekly reported in October 2026 that Pye Ash Farm in Cheshire charged £12 per car, Trefaes Ganol in Wales charged £10.48 per car, and Valley View at Gouldings in Scotland charged £5 per person, with pumpkins sold separately at all three.
For a full breakdown of how to set entry fees, read our agritourism pricing guide.
Field-Tested Play: Separate the entry fee from the pumpkin price, as Cairnie does. A small pass fee filters out no-shows and pays for your parking marshal. Then pumpkins are priced by size, so the family that wants the giant one pays for it. |
The Add-Ons That Turn a Pumpkin Into a Day Out
A pumpkin is a 20-minute purchase. A day out is a three-hour visit with lunch. Cairnie built the day out.
The Mega Maze. A six-acre maize maze, open from mid-July through October. In 2020, The Courier reported the maize grows to about eight feet by late October and is harvested at the end of the month to feed cattle. So the same crop earns twice: once as a ticket, once as feed. If you want to try this, see our guide on how to start a corn maze.
The Halloween Torchlight Maze. In 2026, the farm ran the maze in the dark from 7pm to 9pm on 29, 30 and 31 October, by torchlight, for ages 8 and over, with tickets booked in advance. Same field, new product, evening hours.
The Funyard. A children's play area open from March to October. It keeps young families on the farm long after the pumpkins are in the car.
The café and farm shop. Opened in 2007, with homemade baking and hot food all day. Families who have walked a muddy field want a hot drink. Our article on what makes families stay longer and spend more goes deeper on this.
The Christmas Fayre. Two days in early December, keeping the farm in people's minds after Halloween.
Notice something: none of these needed to be built in year one. They came over 27 years.
Reality Check: Food is where the money is, and also where the rules are. A café or even a hot chocolate stand usually needs food business registration and hygiene checks. Read selling food on your farm: the permits each option needs before you buy a single cup. |
Season Stacking: The Same Car Park, Many Reasons to Come Back
Here is the part most pumpkin farmers miss. Cairnie is not a pumpkin farm. It is a fruit farm with a pumpkin season stacked on top.
According to the farm's own pick-your-own page:
Strawberries run from about May to September.
Raspberries, cherries, currants and gooseberries peak in July.
Sunflowers come in August.
The maze runs from mid-July through October.
Pumpkins take October.
Each season shares the same car park, booking system, toilets, café and customer list. The fixed costs are paid once and earned on many times.
A family that picks strawberries in June already knows the farm, has already booked online once and already trusts it. Selling them a pumpkin pass in October is easy.
If you only have one crop today, think about which season could sit next to it. Our list of farm event ideas for every season is a good place to start.
How Cairnie Compares With Other Pumpkin Patches
Cairnie is not alone. Here are other real patches, with the figures their owners or the press have published.
Farm | Where | Started | Scale now | What to learn |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Cairnie Fruit Farm | Fife, Scotland | c. 2000 | Nearly 20,000 pumpkins; 18,500+ visitors expected (2026) | Grow only after selling out |
Farmer Copleys | West Yorkshire, England | 2006 | Over 300,000 pumpkins; 20th anniversary in 2026 | Turn a patch into a festival |
Arnprior Farm | Scotland | 2015 | Over 20,000 pumpkins | Sold the cattle and tried pumpkins as a diversification |
Pye Ash Farm | Cheshire, England | About 6 years ago | About 20,000 fruits on 1.5 ha; up to 10,000 visitors expected | £12 a car, pumpkins extra |
Trefaes Ganol | Near Cardigan, Wales | During Covid | 1.6 ha patch; about 100 cars a day on opening weekends | A viral Facebook post about surplus pumpkins started it |
Gairneybank Farm | Near Kinross, Scotland | About 2024 | 5,000 pumpkins in 2026; about 12 varieties | A handful of seeds became 4,000+ the next year |
Udny Pumpkins | Aberdeenshire, Scotland | 2018 | A few hundred pumpkins in year one; about 5,000 visitors a year at its peak | Closed after the owner's back injury |
Farmer Copleys is the extreme end. Its own site says it opened its pumpkin festival in 2006 and now grows over 300,000 pumpkins. We broke down exactly how in our Farmer Copleys case study.
In the US, the story repeats. Read how a concrete contractor's weekend patch grew in our Kuipers Family Farm case study.
And the start-small pattern is still working today. The same BBC report featured Mike King, who runs a small cattle and grains farm near Kinross. About two years ago he tried a handful of pumpkin seeds bought online. The next year he grew more than 4,000, and this autumn he is up to 5,000, in about 12 varieties.
He also said the patch turned a lonely job into a social one, which is a reward that never shows up in a spreadsheet.
Look at Pye Ash: about 20,000 fruits on 1.5 hectares, roughly 3.7 acres. That is in the same ballpark as Cairnie's own planning figure of about 5,000 pumpkins for one extra acre. Useful if you are sizing your first plot.
Reality Check: The Patches That Closed
For every Cairnie, there is a patch that stopped. You need to see these too.
Kilduff Farm, East Lothian. The Calder family ran a pumpkin festival from 2018 and announced in July 2024 it would stop. Lucy Calder said the "increasingly unpredictable weather" had made the event more and more challenging and time-consuming to deliver.
South Ardbennie Farm, Perthshire. Pick-your-own pumpkins began in 2018, with about 1,500 pumpkins to pick. The farm has since been sold, and the new owners are focusing on Aberdeen Angus cattle. The former owners described unpredictable weather, less sunshine and back-to-back October storms.
Udny Pumpkins, Aberdeenshire. Jenny Fyall ran the patch from 2018, open two weeks each October. Too much heavy lifting left her with a back injury in 2024, and the patch became too much physically.
Bates Farm, Warrington. In October 2026, Farmers Weekly reported storm damage forced the farm to cancel a Sunday pumpkin event expecting about 1,000 cars. The owners put the cost at about £50,000.
Weather is the common thread. Read our guides on building a bad-weather policy and on what happened when drought wiped out pumpkin crops, plus how to protect a pick-your-own field from theft.
Reality Check: One reason Cairnie could ride out these risks: pumpkins were never its only income. It had summer pick-your-own fruit, supermarket fruit production, a café and a maze. If pumpkins are your only egg, one wet October can wipe out the year. Stack seasons before you stack acres. |
The Start-Small Playbook: Your First 5 Years
Here is a practical plan built on the Cairnie pattern. It is an example, not a guarantee, and not Cairnie's own year-by-year plan.
Year 1: The Test Plot
Grow a few hundred pumpkins. Cairnie started with 232, and Udny Pumpkins started with a few hundred.
Pumpkins take 90 to 120 days to grow, and UK growers plant in May for an autumn harvest, according to the NFU. In North America, check your local extension service for planting dates.
Invite friends, family, church groups and your local school. One Facebook post is enough. Your only goal is to learn whether people will drive to your farm and pay.
Year 2: Book It
Move to online booking with timed slots. Charge a small entry fee and price pumpkins by size.
Count every visitor and every pumpkin sold. Note which slots sold out first.
Year 3: Add Extras
Add one or two low-cost reasons to stay longer: hot drinks, a photo spot, straw bales to climb, a simple play area.
Keep weeds down in the patch. The University of Kentucky's crop profile notes that weed control matters especially for pick-your-own, because many of the hardest weeds to control are viny or prickly, which matters when customers walk the field.
Year 4: Add a Second Season
If October works, add a summer or spring season that uses the same car park and booking site: pick-your-own fruit, sunflowers or a maze.
Year 5: Scale the Winner
Only now add acres, and only to the activity that sold out last year. That is exactly what Cairnie did after its 2019 sell-out.
Want the step-by-step growing and pricing side? Read our full guide on how to start a pumpkin patch.
Field-Tested Play: Keep a one-page "season scorecard" every year: pumpkins grown, pumpkins sold, visitors, slots sold out, average spend per family, and your three biggest complaints. Five years of these pages will tell you exactly where to reinvest. |
What Could the Numbers Look Like? An Illustrative Model
I cannot tell you what Cairnie earns. The farm has not published its revenue, and I won't guess.
But here is an illustrative model so you can see how the pieces add up. Every number below is an assumption, not a real farm's figures. Put in your own.
Assumptions:
About 5,000 pumpkins per acre (the planning figure Cairnie gave for its extra acre).
80% of pumpkins sold, with roughly one pumpkin sold per paying visitor (Cairnie's 2026 figures were close to this: nearly 20,000 pumpkins and 18,500+ visitors).
Average pumpkin price of $6 or £6.
Entry pass of $3 or £3 per paying visitor, from year 3.
Café and snack spend of $4 or £4 per paying visitor, from year 3.
Stage (example) | Pumpkins grown | Pumpkins sold | Pumpkin sales | Entry passes | Café and snacks | Gross sales before costs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year 1 test plot | 250 | 200 | 1,200 | 0 | 0 | 1,200 |
Year 3, one acre | 5,000 | 4,000 | 24,000 | 12,000 | 16,000 | 52,000 |
Year 5, four acres | 20,000 | 16,000 | 96,000 | 48,000 | 64,000 | 208,000 |
Figures are in dollars or pounds. This is an example only, not a forecast for any farm.
Notice that by year 5 in this example, more than half the money comes from passes and food, not pumpkins. That is the add-on effect.
Reality Check: These are gross sales, not profit. You still pay for seed, labour, staff, toilets, insurance, booking fees, marketing and food stock. As one benchmark, the University of Kentucky estimated total costs of about $3,745 per acre for a drip-irrigated wholesale pumpkin crop in 2017-18, before any visitor costs. And pumpkins have a hard deadline: NFU member and pumpkin grower Emily French said, "Come 1 November, I can't really give them away for love nor money." |
The Bigger Picture: Is Farm Tourism Worth It?
The Cairnie story is not a one-off. Look at the official numbers.
US: The 2022 Census of Agriculture found US farms earned $1.26 billion from agritourism, up 12.4% from 2017 after adjusting for inflation, according to USDA's Economic Research Service. We break those figures down in our agritourism statistics guide.
England: Defra's Farm Business Survey found 72% of English farm businesses had some diversified activity in 2024/25, with average diversification income of £31,100 among those farms.
But averages hide a wide range. Among farms offering them, the same survey put average income from sport and recreation at just £3,600 (the lowest of any diversified activity) and from tourist accommodation at £8,700. Many farms try a little; few build it into a major income.
UK pumpkins: The NFU says as many as 15 million pumpkins are grown in the UK each year.
That gap is the opportunity. Most farms try a little and stop. The ones who reinvest pull away. If you farm in Scotland, our piece on why waiting for farm support is the riskiest plan explains why this matters even more now.
Legal, Insurance and Paperwork: Questions to Ask Before You Open
This is not legal advice. Rules differ by state, province and country. Use these questions with your insurer, solicitor or attorney, and local council or county office.
Public liability insurance
Does my farm policy cover paying visitors walking through a field, or do I need a separate public liability or agritourism policy?
What limit of cover do I need for the number of visitors I expect?
Are mazes, play equipment, tractor rides and evening events covered, or excluded?
Our guide to agritourism insurance: what it covers and costs walks through the gaps.
Booking terms and waivers
Are my booking terms clear on refunds, date changes and bad weather, as Cairnie's are?
In my state or country, does a waiver or warning sign protect me, or does an agritourism law do more? See do liability waivers protect your farm?
Parking and traffic
Can my road handle the cars I expect? Do I need a traffic plan or permission from the highway authority for event days?
Where do cars go if the parking field turns to mud?
Food and hygiene
Do I need to register as a food business, even for hot drinks and pre-packed snacks?
Do I need handwashing stations and toilets near the patch?
Planning, staff and dogs
Does my council or county treat a regular paid event as a change of use that needs permission?
Do I need employer's liability or workers' compensation cover for seasonal staff?
What is my dog policy? Cairnie keeps dogs out of its pick-your-own areas, including the pumpkin patch.
What Bloopy Durians Taught Me About Short Seasons
At Bloopy Durians, the durian farm I founded in Bentong, Malaysia, our durian seasons are short: about four to five months a year, from December to February and from June to August.
That is a lot like a pumpkin patch. When the season ends, the visitors stop, unless you have a plan for the months in between.
The farm welcomes visitors from all over the world, and many companies send their staff and management to visit. But one of our most reliable sources of income is not a ticket at all. It is our WhatsApp list of loyal customers, who buy durians whenever they are available.
We also supplied durians to a Mayor of Kuala Lumpur tourism event, and Kuala Lumpur City Hall gave our team a plaque of appreciation.
The lesson for your pumpkin patch business: every visitor in October can become a customer for next summer's fruit, next December's event and next October's pumpkins. Collect contacts with permission, and the short season stops feeling so short.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many pumpkins should I grow in my first year?
Start small enough that losing the whole crop won't hurt. Cairnie started with 232 pumpkins, and Udny Pumpkins started with a few hundred. Your first year is a test of demand, not a money-maker.
How many pumpkins fit on an acre?
It depends on variety and spacing. Cairnie told the BBC one extra acre would make room for about 5,000 more pumpkins. Pye Ash Farm grew about 20,000 fruits on 1.5 hectares. The University of Kentucky uses yields of 20,000 to 30,000 pounds per acre.
Should I charge an entry fee for a pumpkin patch?
Many successful patches do. Cairnie charged a small pumpkin pass (reported at £1.50 in 2026) and sold pumpkins by size. Other UK farms charged £5 per person or £10-12 per car. An entry fee cuts no-shows and helps pay for parking and toilets.
Why use timed booking slots?
Timed slots cap the crowd, bring in money before the weekend and tell you how many staff you need. Cairnie uses morning and afternoon slots and lets visitors change dates before 11am on the day.
How long does it take to grow a pumpkin patch business?
Years. Cairnie took 27 seasons to reach nearly 20,000 pumpkins, and its growth was not a straight line. Expect to reinvest for several seasons before the patch becomes a major income stream.
What are the biggest risks of running a pumpkin patch?
Weather, physical workload and having only one income. Kilduff Farm and South Ardbennie both pointed to unpredictable weather, Udny Pumpkins closed after the owner's back injury, and a storm cost Bates Farm about £50,000 in October 2026.
Your Next Step
Cameron Laird didn't start with 20,000 pumpkins, a maze and a café. She started with an idea, 232 pumpkins and a willingness to grow only what people proved they wanted.
Not sure if your farm is ready for paying visitors? Take the free quiz. It takes a few minutes and shows you where your farm is strong and where it needs work.
Want more ideas like the Cairnie pumpkin patch? Get my free ebook, "150 Ways to Unlock Hidden Wealth From Your Farm." Inside you'll find 150 practical ways to earn more from the land, buildings and skills you already have, so you can pick the one or two that fit your farm and test them small, just like Cairnie did.
P.S. Cairnie's first pumpkin patch had just 232 pumpkins. That is a small corner of one field. What could your 200 pumpkins be?
Written by Stephen Loke of AgritourismSuccess.com, whose farm is featured in Bloomberg News and Asahi Shimbun. This article is for general information only and is not legal, insurance, tax or financial advice. Figures for other farms come from the sources listed below; the revenue model is an illustration, not a forecast.
Sources
BBC Scotland News, Jamie Calder, "The Californian whose pumpkin patch dream took root in Fife," 24 October 2026: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cmqlneqgenqxo
Brit Brief, "American dream behind Scotland's favourite pumpkin patch," 26 October 2026: https://britbrief.co.uk/business/tourism/american-dream-behind-scotlands-favourite-pumpkin-patch.html
Cairnie Fruit Farm, Pumpkins page, accessed 9 November 2026: https://www.cairniefruitfarm.co.uk/pumpkins
Cairnie Fruit Farm, Pick Your Own page, accessed 9 November 2026: https://www.cairniefruitfarm.co.uk/pick-your-own
Cairnie Fruit Farm, home page, accessed 9 November 2026: https://www.cairniefruitfarm.co.uk/
The Courier, "Fife fruit farm owners' growing ambition to pull in 100,000 visitors," June 2022: https://thecourier.co.uk/fp/business-environment/business/3428088/cairnie-fruit-farm-visitiors
Evening Telegraph, "Bid to grow number of farm visitors," 27 June 2022: https://www.pressreader.com/uk/evening-telegraph-first-edition/20220627/281633898923011
Evening Telegraph, "Smashing pumpkins!", 18 October 2017: https://www.pressreader.com/uk/evening-telegraph-first-edition/20171018/281951723051942
The Courier, "Pick of the pumpkin patch in Fife," 2020: https://thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/outdoors/1656037/the-pick-of-the-patch
The Courier, "Where to pick your own pumpkin in Tayside and Fife," 2023: https://thecourier.co.uk/fp/education/schools/2653782/where-to-pick-your-own-pumpkin-in-tayside-and-fife
Farmer Copleys, Pumpkin Festival page, accessed 9 November 2026: https://farmercopleys.co.uk/pumpkin-festival
Skiddle, "Farmer Copleys Pumpkin Festival is returning this autumn," updated 13 October 2026: https://www.skiddle.com/news/all/Farmer-Copleys-Pumpkin-Festival-is-returning-this-autumn/62091/
Arnprior Farm, About page, accessed 9 November 2026: https://arnpriorfarm.com/about
Farmers Weekly, "Pumpkin patches help bridge the gap between town and country," 16 October 2026: https://www.fwi.co.uk/farm-life/pumpkin-patches-help-bridge-the-gap-between-town-and-country
Farmers Weekly, "Storms force pumpkin patches to close as farms count the cost," 26 October 2026: https://www.fwi.co.uk/news/weather/storms-force-pumpkin-patches-to-close-as-farms-count-the-cost
The Edinburgh Reporter, "Pumpkin patch family say unpredictable weather played part in closure," 24 July 2024: https://theedinburghreporter.co.uk/2024/07/pumpkin-patch-family-say-unpredictable-weather-played-part-in-closure/
The Scotsman, "'Incredible' Scottish family-friendly farm sold - and pumpkin picking scrapped," undated (published c. 2025): https://foodanddrink.scotsman.com/in-the-news/ardbennie-farm-perthshire-sold-and-pumpkin-picking-scrapped/
Press and Journal, "Udny Pumpkins closing announcement": https://pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/news/6711427/udny-pumpkins-closing-announcement
NFU, "Pumpkin picking – carving out a space in the market," 26 October 2023: https://www.nfuonline.com/updates-and-information/pumpkin-growers-prepare-for-halloween/
USDA Economic Research Service, "2022 Census of Agriculture: The majority of U.S. counties generate some agritourism income," 5 December 2024: https://ers.usda.gov/data-products/charts-of-note/110552
Defra, Farm Accounts in England, Chapter 5: Diversification (2024/25 data), updated 12 May 2026: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/farm-accounts-in-england/chapter-5-diversification--2
University of Kentucky Center for Crop Diversification, "Pumpkins" crop profile CCD-CP-114, December 2018: https://publications.ca.uky.edu/sites/publications.ca.uky.edu/files/pumpkins.pdf
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